The microcontroller’s CPU reads program code from memory, one instruction at a time, decodes each instruction, and then executes it. All memory content—both program code and data—is in binary form: ...

An in-depth look at the 8-bit AVR architecture found in ATtiny and ATmega microcontrollers, mainly from a software and programming point of view. Explore the AVR architecture using C and assembly ...

When programming a microcontroller, there are some physical limitations that you’ll come across much earlier than programming a modern computer, whether that’s program size or even processor speed. To ...

Some people think that programs for microcontrollers like the 8051 that have limited program memory must be written in assembly language rather than a high-level language like C. The executable code ...

I am in the process of updating my book "Electronics Explained," published by Newnes/Elsevier. The book is essentially a basic electronics text for those learning about electronics for the first time.