Conversion of binary to decimal numbers is often needed in firmware. And it’s done easily enough if multiplication and division by ten are acceptable. However, these operations, especially division, ...

To do the method, begin by writing the two numbers you want to multiply at the top of two columns. In the left column, you progressively halve the number and take the integer floor of any “and a half” ...

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, the great mathematician and pioneer of computer science and binary number calculations. © University of Massachusetts Lowell Binary ...