Instead of applying a universal template to all climate-related disasters—in which we issue funding to support reconstruction, restoration and relocation—we must collaborate with those impacted to ...

The bottom-up approach is a strategy for processing information, which alongside the top-down approach, is used in a number of research fields. Credit: Katryna Kon/Shutterstock.com By piecing together ...

At the heart of bottom-up nanotechnology lies a process driven by thermodynamics and kinetics, rather than the deterministic approaches characteristic of top-down methods. This fundamental difference ...

Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines a ...