Directional-control valves are common in pneumatic systems. They control compressed-air flow to cylinders, rotary actuators, grippers, and other mechanisms in packaging, handling, assembly, and ...

Pneumatic control systems are used in various applications, including: A single acting cylinder (SAC) is a type of pneumatic actuator that produces force and movement in one direction only. It has a ...

Piezo elements are electromechanical transducers that convert mechanical forces (pressure, tensile stress or acceleration) into voltages. The inverse piezoelectric effect, precisely the opposite, ...

Feedwater control valves play a critical role in boiler operation. One important parameter of their design is the pressure drop at the rated condition as well as off-design conditions. However, ...