Electroanalytical techniques use electrical quantities such as charge, current, or potential and measure their relations with chemical parameters. This field involves studying chemical reaction ...

Ions move across cell membranes through either ion channels or ion pumps. Ions flow passively through ion channels, down electrical and concentration gradients, at speeds that can approach the ...

The study, published in Materials Today, details how these membranes could significantly improve energy efficiency and operational stability. Precisely engineered in both pore size and surface ...