Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) optical modulators are crucial in next-generation technologies such as free-space optical communication and LiDAR, but existing designs struggle with balancing ...

A deep reinforcement learning framework optimizes silicon-based photonic crystal fiber modulators, achieving ultra-low ...

The lithium niobate thin-film modulator was designed to achieve a modulation frequency of 350 kHz within the 0–2π phase range, further realizing high speed control of optical field coherence.

Electro-optic modulators, which convert signals from the electrical to the optical domain, are at the heart of optical communications, terahertz wireless communications, microwave signal processing, ...