The gauge bosons of the standard model of particle physics are responsible for three of the four known forces in the universe ...

Scientists seeking the secrets of the universe would like to make a model that shows how all of nature’s forces and particles fit together. It would be nice to do it with Legos. But perhaps a better ...

The idea of String Theory is that our Universe came from a higher-dimensional, more symmetric, more complex state with an enormous number of degrees of freedom. In order for String Theory to be solved ...

String theory found its origins in an attempt to understand the nascent experiments revealing the strong nuclear force. Eventually another theory, one based on particles called quarks and force ...

Brian Greene is one of the foremost scientists and science communicators of our time. Greene, a theoretical physicist at Columbia University, has been working for decades to advance our understanding ...

String theory is a purported theory of everything that physicists hope will one day explain … everything. All the forces, all the particles, all the constants, all the things under a single ...

If you could take an apple and break it into smaller and smaller parts, you would find molecules, then atoms, followed by subatomic particles like protons and the quarks and gluons that make them up.

The particles and antiparticles of the Standard Model obey all sorts of conservation laws, with fundamental differences between fermionic particles and antiparticles and bosonic ones. The final piece ...

The Standard Model of Elementary Particles (the ""Standard Model"" to those in the know) can explain nearly everything from the workings of the sun to the structure of, say, a garbage can, but it ...