The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is part of the U.S. Geological Survey, the science agency of the U.S. Department of Interior. Our job is to obtain and share science-based information about the ...

When we think of ice on Mars, we typically think of the poles, where we can see it visibly through probes and even ...

Volcanoes may look like simple mountains that erupted once and then fell silent, but in reality they are often the surface expression of complex processes happening deep underground. Magma can move, ...

For most of deep time, spreading ridges released more carbon than volcano chains, changing how we interpret Earth’s climate history.

This chapter summarizes the principal conclusions and recommendations developed elsewhere in this report. Major conclusions are printed in italics and recommendations in bold. Basic research in the ...