Abstract: Efficient routing is a critical challenge in Internet of Things (IoT) networks due to the vast number of interconnected devices. This paper presents a hybrid approach that combines Particle ...

If you are planning a trip through several cities and want to find the shortest route, you resort to algorithms, a well-defined sequence of deterministic operations. This article accompanies the ...

In this tutorial, we use GlowScript VPython to build a dipole electric field simulation step by step. Learn how to model charges, compute field vectors, and create an interactive visualization that ...

Abstract: One of the key functions of the internet is packet routing of data. A routing protocol outlines the channel of communication between routers that is utilized to connect networks. Numerous ...

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Learn how gradient descent really works by building it step by step in Python. No libraries, no shortcuts—just pure math and code made simple.